apparent soundness casuistry circularity deduction deductive reasoning demonstration discourse discourse of reason discursive reason disingenuousness distortion equivocalness equivocation evasive reasoning fallaciousness fallacy induction inductive reasoning insincerity jesuitism jesuitry logical thought misapplication mystification obfuscation obscurantism oversubtlety perversion philosophism philosophy plausibility plausibleness proof ratiocination rationalism rationality rationalization rationalizing reason reasonableness reasoning sophism sophistical reasoning sophistication sophistry special pleading speciosity speciousness subtlety sweet reason vicious circle vicious reasoning